In addition, future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed. An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action, both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective, of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided. In this review, the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species. Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs. As a result, horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs. Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years. Plants, including many horticultural species, collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant–plant (allelopathy), plant–insect and plant–microbe interactions. The 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life.
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